Energy-based and force-based approaches are two basic ways to establish an adhesion model. For the adhesion of tape-like thin films, the Kendall equation considers the overall energy balance but ...

Forces may change the shape of an object. An elastic object, such as a spring, stores elastic potential energy when stretched or squashed. The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional ...

There are different ways to investigate the relationship between force and extension for a spring. In this required practical activity, it is important to: make and record length accurately measure ...