Species have strong indirect effects on others, and predicting these effects is a central challenge in ecology. Prey species sharing an enemy (predator or parasitoid) can be linked by apparent ...

1 Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 2 Faculty of Commerce, Otaru University of Commerce, Otaru, Japan Mutualism is one of the major interaction types ...

Introduction: Parasitism by infectious diseases and insect pests significantly shapes wild plant communities by stabilizing them through suppressing dominant species and destabilizing them by ...

Many animal species add their eggs to the brood of other species to benefit from the latter’s brood care. This is called brood parasitism. Researchers recently studied brood parasitism in two ...

Identifying the conditions associated with a life history transition from cooperative colony life to exploitative social parasitism is important for understanding how changes in behavior contribute to ...

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Vol. 65, No. 12 (December 2011), pp. 2279-2286 (8 pages) Obligate avian brood parasites lay their eggs in nests of other species (hosts), which raise parasitic ...

Symbiotic relationships with microbes are ubiquitous among living beings and can be parasitic, such as in bacterial pathogens, or mutualistic, as in beneficial microbiomes. Among other factors, the ...

Mermithid nematodes are obligate invertebrate parasites dating back to the Early Cretaceous. Their fossil record is sparse, especially before the Cenozoic, thus little is known about their early host ...

Members of the vertebrate group including anglerfishes are unique in possessing a characteristic known as sexual parasitism, in which males temporarily attach or permanently fuse with females to mate.

Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppel) is known as the cassava shoot fly or shoot fly, because, unlike other species of its genus, its larvae feed exclusively on shoots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz ...