Cellular systems – enzymes, motors, allosteric proteins, genes, ion channels, receptors, etc – are often described by the functional dependence of some output property on the concentrations of input ...

Biological systems can process information without expending energy, and the limit to what can be achieved in this way is known as a Hopfield barrier. We characterize this barrier for the sharpness of ...

Transforming synaptic input into action potential output is a fundamental function of neurons. The pattern of action potential output from principal cells of the mammalian hippocampus encodes spatial ...

How neurons transform inputs into outputs is a fundamental building block of brain computation. Here, we measure neurons’ IO functions in the awake and intact brain, where ongoing network activity ...

Decorrelation is a fundamental computation that optimizes the format of neuronal activity patterns. Channel decorrelation by adaptive mechanisms results in efficient coding, whereas pattern ...

The optoelectronic logic element AND, OR and XOR is considered, the output signal of which can be inverted when the input control signal is applied, thereby converting the logic element into NAND, NOR ...

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...