Members can download this article in PDF format. In designing an input stage for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), engineers choose a particular amplifier, assign a target gain, and note the ...

The Design Idea in Figure 1 indicates a low-battery condition in an audio test instrument that is powered by four AA cells. As the instrument was otherwise an all-discrete design, this same approach ...

There have been many different ideas presented for increasing the acoustic output of a piezo buzzer or ultrasonic transducer. Most of them involve rather complicated circuitry that drives up the total ...

The circuit of Figure 1 generates sinusoids down to very low frequencies with distortion in the region of 3% or less, yet has no feedback or gain-stabilizing components because none are needed. It ...

True 3-D interconnects and packaging. Rigid PCBs are inherently 2-D. Rigid-flex, however, allows you to fold, bend and twist ...

All circuits, analog or digital, have characteristics dependent on the values of their component parts. Invariably, these parts are non-ideal in many ways. Even their most fundamental characteristics, ...

Lighting a string of LEDs at a constant brightness requires driving it with a regulated current. A boost converter is commonly used to step up the voltage to a level high enough to bias the LEDs on ...