The progress in digitization has profoundly changed our lives. There is no area of everyday life to which digital circuits haven’t penetrated. Ever more powerful microcontrollers and data converters ...

For the PDF version of this article, click here. Motor controllers used to power, stop and control the speed of a variety of motors must deal with a wide variety of surges due to switching events.

In most operational amplifier (op amp) circuits, the resistor tolerance and resistor temperature coefficient determine the gain accuracy and gain temperature drift (Figure 1 shows a typical circuit).